阅读占整张卷子的60%,这也是我研究得最多的部分,首先说说阅读用的材料,我自己是朱泰琪的《复习指导》,里边的阅读文章就是历年真题,只是我当时做的时候不知道,我觉得一上来接触真题是可行的,怎么说呢,真题文章经典,问题的难度也大,虽然做起来有让人寸步难行的感觉,但这个时候刚刚开始复习,谁都不会去计较得分,重要的是在做完一遍以后回过头来进行精读,分析长难句的结构,分析篇章的段落结构,况且老朱的书每篇文章都附了译文的,碰到觉得很好的句子也可以自己动手翻译,然后可自行对照寻找理解不妥之处,应该说第一阶段是最辛苦也最费时的阶段,但绝对是值得坚持下来的。或许你会感觉怎么做了这么多练习,为什么还是和刚开始一样,总要错那么多个,这很正常,英语学习是量变过程很长的,我也是差不多花了四个月时间的基础练习,加上暑假上辅导班从老师那里学到一些方法,才可以说找到了一些感觉,所以在做阅读的过程中有不顺利的千万不要气馁,记住:贵在坚持。我推荐一开始接触真题还有一个原因,那就是如果上辅导班的话,你会发现老师都是举历年真题里的例子来讲解,分析得最多的也是真题里的文章,如果之前做过一遍自然有印象,结合自己的体会和老师的分析,应该会有更深层次的收获的。老朱的书读完以后(只做了阅读)我开始看石春桢的《220篇》,其实应该有不少人骂这本书,我觉得主要是因为书中大部分文章选材和考研的文章不对路,考研基本是选议论文,石的书里记叙文居多且生词奇多无比,但我个人是抱着提高的心态去看这本书的,也就是能记的超纲词尽量记,不能记的也不勉强,文章后的题目一般不管,随便选选,主要还是为了多练习一下分解长难句的能力。在9月份以后我开始转向应试方面,买了一本郭庆民的《200篇》,我觉得这本书选的文章都不错,模拟的思路比较接近真题,这时我基本不再回过头精读,主要突破点放在了体会出题者的意图上面,阅读问题的类型相信大家都不陌生了,什么主旨题、细节题之类,总的来说先做细节题,因为涉及的东西可以在原文里找到,这里提一下,那就是千万别险入“比词”的误区,一定得把选项的意思读懂吃透,再寻找相应的段落,有人可能会说有些选项不能完全看懂,只能找其中的关键词,殊不知这正是出题人的阴险之处,其往往运用同义转换等手段移花接木,这就是我说需要进行大量精读破解长难句的原因,以免只见树木不见森林。主旨题一般是要明白作者的意图,我个人的经验是自己千万别多想,文章中怎么表述的就顺着去理解,因为外国人说法一般比较直,委婉的很少,不需要拐弯抹角费尽心思的去猜测。最多的就是这两种,当然其它还有词汇题、推断题等等,这些就是靠平时多看多积累来提高了,提问的词汇你如果认识那就再简单不过了,不认识的话结合上下文语境来判断一般也不难。还有一定要注意文中句子和选项在表达上是否有细微的差异,往往有些选项粗看上去是对的,和原文相差无几,实则在某个不起眼的地方被动了手脚,仔细体会的话就会发现味道大变,举个例子,05年阅读讲吸烟和温室效应那篇,第一道题问那些支持吸烟的人道理何在,这时注意选项A是说“没有科学证据证明……”,但文章中表达的意思是“没有足够的科学证据……”,我注意到这个就毫不犹豫选C了,毕竟其它两个比较好排除,答案从第一段的“That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way?”可以判断出来,句子前的that实际上是前边insisted的宾语,是吸烟的支持者们提出的说法之一。总之注意这些差别,别掉进命题人设的坑里,其实我复习到最后都觉得出题人也没太多的花样,变来变去就那几招,只要自己多注意悉心总结,一定会有所收获。
[3] Star 上海出版的星报,关乎文化的内容比较多比如什么音乐会啊,展出啊,时下流行的东西啊。这个报纸也是我看它广告看的最多的,呵呵,实际上,有时广告简捷得你根本都不知道它在卖什么!多看看多想想,熟悉就好了;
[4] Beijing Reviews 是一个周报,个人觉得比较适合中等水平者!而且不是每天都有,哈哈,买报纸不可能每天都能看完——也几乎是不可能的事。所以,周报正好看完新的就有了。
[5] China Today 是月刊(16开64页,没改版的话,我是前两年看的多),广州出版的,这个就是一个向外国人介绍中国的杂志。里面的内容更有一些国外读者面向性,这也很好啊。实际上就是在学习一种如何向外国介绍中国的问题。每期的内容有时下经济、政治要闻(三二句话的,简捷表达),另外还有就是旅游景点的介绍,考古啊,美食(每期一个菜,当然是英文介绍做法,想必很多表达都是我们很陌生的,比如什么炒煎煮炸之类……)。每期会主要介绍中国的一个城市,从文化背景到现在的状况,发展啊,投资环境各个方面。哦,还有一点学汉语的章节(二三页,你有兴趣可以看看)
[6] Times 美国《时代周刊》这东西可就高深了。建议此前先把自己的词汇量恶补一番——推荐一本词汇书中国友谊出版公司的《时代英语单挑1000》。高深,是你对他的畏惧与景仰,当你与之平起平坐时你会有种酣畅淋漓的感觉!他里面的表达地道的让你不知道如何用言语去形容,甚至于汉语都变得苍白(呵呵,这是我不大会翻译的缘故,能体会无法言表。语言都是各有所长,汉语自是意境取胜。)哈哈……扯远了。
附:
随附上一些我的读报笔记,或许你会更清楚我所说的。
* FISU: International University Sports Federation
* the opening ceremony, the closing ceremony
* ring down the curtain
* the one-China principle
* cross-straits relationship
* the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region HK SAR
* constitution, planned economy, the reform and opening-up policy
* the Fortune Global Forum
* truthfulness, goodness, tolerance; anti-science, anti-society, anti-humanity
* individual taste
... ...
and all that...作者: liko 时间: 2006-11-10 21:17 标题: 某441分高人的英语复习经验 说到英语,我现在终于相信一句话——付出就一定会有回报!我今年英语84分,这是我做梦都没有想到的,以下时我复习英语的若干经验,希望能对大家有帮助。
阅读占整张卷子的60%,这也是我研究得最多的部分,首先说说阅读用的材料,我自己是朱泰琪的《复习指导》,里边的阅读文章就是历年真题,只是我当时做的时候不知道,我觉得一上来接触真题是可行的,怎么说呢,真题文章经典,问题的难度也大,虽然做起来有让人寸步难行的感觉,但这个时候刚刚开始复习,谁都不会去计较得分,重要的是在做完一遍以后回过头来进行精读,分析长难句的结构,分析篇章的段落结构,况且老朱的书每篇文章都附了译文的,碰到觉得很好的句子也可以自己动手翻译,然后可自行对照寻找理解不妥之处,应该说第一阶段是最辛苦也最费时的阶段,但绝对是值得坚持下来的。或许你会感觉怎么做了这么多练习,为什么还是和刚开始一样,总要错那么多个,这很正常,英语学习是量变过程很长的,我也是差不多花了四个月时间的基础练习,加上暑假上辅导班从老师那里学到一些方法,才可以说找到了一些感觉,所以在做阅读的过程中有不顺利的千万不要气馁,记住:贵在坚持。我推荐一开始接触真题还有一个原因,那就是如果上辅导班的话,你会发现老师都是举历年真题里的例子来讲解,分析得最多的也是真题里的文章,如果之前做过一遍自然有印象,结合自己的体会和老师的分析,应该会有更深层次的收获的。老朱的书读完以后(只做了阅读)我开始看石春桢的《220篇》,其实应该有不少人骂这本书,我觉得主要是因为书中大部分文章选材和考研的文章不对路,考研基本是选议论文,石的书里记叙文居多且生词奇多无比,但我个人是抱着提高的心态去看这本书的,也就是能记的超纲词尽量记,不能记的也不勉强,文章后的题目一般不管,随便选选,主要还是为了多练习一下分解长难句的能力。在9月份以后我开始转向应试方面,买了一本郭庆民的《200篇》,我觉得这本书选的文章都不错,模拟的思路比较接近真题,这时我基本不再回过头精读,主要突破点放在了体会出题者的意图上面,阅读问题的类型相信大家都不陌生了,什么主旨题、细节题之类,总的来说先做细节题,因为涉及的东西可以在原文里找到,这里提一下,那就是千万别险入“比词”的误区,一定得把选项的意思读懂吃透,再寻找相应的段落,有人可能会说有些选项不能完全看懂,只能找其中的关键词,殊不知这正是出题人的阴险之处,其往往运用同义转换等手段移花接木,这就是我说需要进行大量精读破解长难句的原因,以免只见树木不见森林。主旨题一般是要明白作者的意图,我个人的经验是自己千万别多想,文章中怎么表述的就顺着去理解,因为外国人说法一般比较直,委婉的很少,不需要拐弯抹角费尽心思的去猜测。最多的就是这两种,当然其它还有词汇题、推断题等等,这些就是靠平时多看多积累来提高了,提问的词汇你如果认识那就再简单不过了,不认识的话结合上下文语境来判断一般也不难。还有一定要注意文中句子和选项在表达上是否有细微的差异,往往有些选项粗看上去是对的,和原文相差无几,实则在某个不起眼的地方被动了手脚,仔细体会的话就会发现味道大变,举个例子,05年阅读讲吸烟和温室效应那篇,第一道题问那些支持吸烟的人道理何在,这时注意选项A是说“没有科学证据证明……”,但文章中表达的意思是“没有足够的科学证据……”,我注意到这个就毫不犹豫选C了,毕竟其它两个比较好排除,答案从第一段的“That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way?”可以判断出来,句子前的that实际上是前边insisted的宾语,是吸烟的支持者们提出的说法之一。总之注意这些差别,别掉进命题人设的坑里,其实我复习到最后都觉得出题人也没太多的花样,变来变去就那几招,只要自己多注意悉心总结,一定会有所收获。
(二)复杂复合从句
复杂复合从句,就是说这些句子不是单纯的复合从句。复杂复合从句主要是因为句子中出现省略,插入和倒装等形式,从而加大了句子的难度。这也是考研英语为了加大难度常用的方式。在复杂复合从句中出现的省略一般主要是语法省略,语用省略一般很少。出现插入语,其实是指这些词或短语的插入,使句子语法成分的联系打断,句子的整体性受到冲击,从而影响了句子的理解。复杂复合从句中出现的插入语一般都是分词形式或者介宾结构。翻译时,一般多可以翻为状语,有时也可以翻为定语。出现倒装时,越短的句子越难。因为可以参考的信息很少。这种句子可以先把从句和先行词用一个代词替换,然后进行语序恢复。
背诵例句:
1.Many experts suggest that the child raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
译文:许多专家认为:如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里长大,而这些刺激物能够开发其相应的反映能力,那么这个儿童将会有得到更好的智力发展。
2.How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and approlpriateness of the information and on the skill with which it is interpreted.
译文:这些预测在多大程度上会被后来的表现所证实,这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性以及解释这些信息的技能。
3.Immediately the army opened fire, killing four men and injuring the fifth who later died of his wounds.
译文:部队突然开了火,打死四人,还有一人受伤。后来此人也因伤势过重死去。
4.The king, whose power is unlimited, and whose treasures surmount all real and imaginary wants, is compelled to ease, by the construction of the Great Wall, the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of a pyramid ,the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of pleasure.
译文:那个权力无上、财富无竭的国王,只有通过修筑长城来减轻自己对权力的厌倦和对欢乐的麻木。
5.Our hope for creative living in this world house that we have inherited lies in our ability to re-establish the moral ends of our lives.
译文:我们希望富有创造性地生活在我们继承的这个世界中,这种希望存在于我们重新建立道德标准的能力之中。
6.To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society.
译文:在我们看来,成功者不管作为个人还是社会的一份子,他的真实表现都是可靠、灵敏、和真诚。
二、成分省略
语言有个节省性原则。成分省略,主要是为了避免重复。一般的成分省略多为主语省略和谓语省略。这种省略属于语法省略。但考研中一般是语用省略,也就是说是为了某中具体的表达目的而采取的省略。成分省略一般和从句相结合,一正一反,使句子变得富有变化和难于把握。但省略句也有一些出现频率很高,因此需要熟记。
背诵例句:
It is quite unevering not to be able to see or to establish contact with the others ,even though we have learnt to talk with people we can not see, as on the telephone.
译文:即使我们适应了打电话这种看不见对方的交谈方式,这种看不见也触摸不到对方的对话还是让人感到很不自在。
To American, being on ones’s own means that one is a fulling dependent functioning part of the whole capable and willing to make choices.
译文:对美国人来说,个人的自立就是指这个人在集体中完全独立并且又能发挥作用。他有能力而且也愿意作出自己的选择。
In their hearts, women think it is men’s business to earn money and theirs to spend it—if possible during their hunsband’s live, but, at any rate, after his death.
译文:女人们从心底认为:挣钱是男人的事情,女人只管话花钱——可能的话丈夫在世时就花;不行的话,那就在丈夫去世后再花。
4.I can’t accept this fact because I know that if I wasn’t able to avoid a mistake, chances were that no other surgeon could have either.
译文:我可以接受这个事实,因为我明白如果我都不能避免出错,那么其他的外科大夫出错也就难免了。
5. With strong will, men can move mountain and fill seas.—and have.
译文:凭借坚强的意志,人类能够移山填海。而事实上人类已经做到。
6.The war finally came to an end ,but not before hundreds of thousands of people had died.
译文:战争终于结束,但却是在千万人在战争中丧生之后才结束。
三、使用插入语
插入语,是因为分裂了句子的结构而得名的,所以,这个术语主要是从语法功能角度出发提出的,对语法形式没有多大考虑。插入语一般是主谓结构或者介宾结构。使用插入语主要是为了调整语气和增加补充信息,并且更主要目的是为了平衡句子结构,避免头重脚轻。插入语是主谓结构,一般都是“sb say/reason/suggest”这种格式,阅读问题不大,翻译时要提到句首。插入语是介宾结构也是如此处理。定语从句和分词做定语时,如果是插在主谓结构之间也可以看作是插入语。考研翻译中出现最多的插入语是用破折号插入的新话题或者补充信息。这种插入标志很明显,只是翻译处理会有些棘手。另外,因为一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置,也可看作是插入现象。只不过这种插入只是句子原有成分间的位子变化,没有新增成分。
背诵例句:
1.Science moves forward , they say ,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
译文:他们说,科学的进步与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见,不如说源于诸如改进的技术 和工具等更为普通的东西。
Those,unaware of what is happening in society today may be surprised to learn that few academic philosophers study death, happiness and so on.
译文:那些人不了解当今社会发生的事情,所以发现现在的哲学家很少研究死亡和幸福之类的东西时会感到奇怪。
3.Most experts see in this a paradox -- an endless conflict between the desire to conform and the desire to remain apart.
译文:大多数专家都从中看到一种矛盾,即从众的欲望和试图与众不同的欲望之间的绵延不断的冲突。.
4.Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently—this, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done --is not being civilized.
译文:即使善于驱使别人去为自己打仗,并且告诉他们怎样打才最有效——这毕竟是征服者和将军们干过的事——也不能称其为文明行为。
5.Demonstrations are being staged in the town. where opposition is mounting to the construction of a nuclear waste storage plant near the river.
译文:这个城市不断发生示威游行,而且这种反对在河边建造核废料储存厂的呼声日高涨。
四、改变语序
改变语序,一般指倒装。倒装分为语法倒装和修辞倒装。考研难点一般在修辞倒装。修辞倒装主要是为了强调,一种是强调句子的表达重心,一种是强调一种表达语气,比如命令语气,假设语气(虚拟语气的倒装属于此类)疑问语气和否定语气。这些倒装常和一些连词或者副词(如nor/so/only/never/until等)密切相关。下文所举例子基本是从这个角度出发选择出来的。
背诵例句:
1.So involved with the book do the boy become that his mother often have to force him to break.
译文:那男孩对这本书如此着迷,以至于他的母亲不得不总强迫他停下。
2.Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of this program, has it been possible to modify TV programming policies.
译文:除非研究提供证据表明这个节目有不良影响,否则电视节目的播放政策不会改变。
3.Lonely was seeing his son only once a month since the divorce.
译文:离婚后,他每月只能看儿子一次。这使他感到孤独。
4.Scientists do not know exactly how the virus damages the immune system, nor do they understand why the natural antibodies developed to destroy the virus are ineffective.
译文:科学家们迄今未能确定这种病毒破坏免疫系统的机理,他们也不明白旨在破坏这种病毒的天然抗体为什么无效。
5.And never before has it been so undeniable that mutually beneficial international institutions of cooperation are a vital global necessity.
译文:过去人们从来没有这么坚信各国互利的国际合作机构是全球不可或缺的要素。
6.The material destruction of the war was not so great but that it could by this time have been repaired, had a good peace been made without delay.
译文:假若当时立即恢复了和平,战争在物质方面的破坏无论怎样大,到一也能够得到修复了。
7.He wrote a novel, and no sooner did he have the synopsis of a story ,but he would invite a crowd of his friends outdoors and read it aloud to them.
译文:他写小说时刚刚构思出剧情轮廓就赶紧邀请一群朋友到野外,然后把剧情梗概大声地念给他们听。作者: liko 时间: 2006-11-10 21:19 标题: 考研英语长难句精析(二) 第二部分 历年考研英语长难句分析
英语考研试卷中,阅读理解和翻译共有50分,占到了全卷分数的半壁江山。毫不夸张地说,把这两部分做好,在英语考试中取得理想的成绩便不再是奢望。那么怎么样才能做好这一部分的试题呢?关键要通过大量的练习,增强阅读英文句子,尤其是其中长难句的能力。长难句一般是指结构复杂难以理解的句子,也有一些其实结构并不复杂,但因为句子很长也很容易让人困惑。长难句出现不多,但是常常大大增加我们理解的难度,成为我们获取高分的“拦路虎”。下面就近八年来(2003年除外)考研试题中阅读理解和翻译中出现的长难句都列出来,分析它们的结构,指出其中的考查难点,并对如何恰当翻译它们给出建议,希望考生朋友能从中得到一些启发。2003年试卷中的长难句,
这里就不分析了,留给大家模考时候自己分析,同时检验自己学习分析长难句的成果。
1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
[句子主干]
Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased …
shareholders as a class, (which was) an element…
[语法难点]
本句是典型的非限定性定语从句,难点在其主语和宾语都有较长的短语和of结构限定,并且分句是由两个and相连的3个部分组成的。分句an element…landowners 又带有两个定语从句,一个是(which was)representing… ,另一个是(which was)detached…。
可见,定语从句的难点在于经常省略“引导词+be”的结构,从而在理解上容易和分词结构相混淆。
[句子翻译]
对资本和企业的这种大规模的非个人操纵大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。这个阶层作为国计民生的一部分,代表了非个人责任的财富与土地及土地所有者应尽义务的分离,而且也几乎与责任管理相分离。
[翻译技巧]
实际上定语从句并不符合汉语的使用习惯。所以翻译时遇上定语从句,一定不要机械地按照原来的顺序生搬硬套。像这样分句较长的情况,把主句和分句拆为两句是比较好的方法。所以这里从“这个阶层”开始另起一句。
2.Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large. " comfonable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
[句子主干] Towns…sprang up…classes who…, and who…
[语法难点]
1)有并列从句。分析句子主干很容易看到这也是一个典型的定语从句结构,分句由who…,and who…两个并列结构组成。注意like并不是谓语而是介词短语作定语,真正的主句谓语是sprang of。retire on指“依靠什么而退休(多跟表收入的名词)”。
2)that of drawing dividends 结构中,draw是收取的意思,dividend指红利,that of sth结构是名词性的,that of sth相当于which is结构,目的都是修饰前面的名词。注意后面还有attending…是省略了which were的定语从句,把of sth结构和定语从句交替使用是英语中长难句的惯用手法,目的是避免行文的单调,考生朋友们要注意分辨。
[句子翻译]
像Bournemouth和Eastboune这样的城市兴起了,大批隐退的享乐阶层人士靠自己的收入,在这里过着悠闲的生活。他们与群体之外的人没有联系,只是分取红利,偶尔参加股东会议,对管理人员发号施令。
[翻译技巧]
同样是为了避开定语从句,将主句和分句拆为两句。要注意几个短语的理解。
retire on依靠……退休/have…relation…to与……有关系/up to 达到……的规模
3.Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. "
[句子主干]Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down…, like a …, considering them as…, in which a…”
[语法难点]有省略。
1)like…分句是省略了who 的主语从句中的分句,considering…分句是现在分词引导的状语从句。这个状语从句可以拿到句首,也可以在句尾。一般来说较长的状语从句置于句尾,较短的置于句首,为的是使句子看上去显得简洁一些。
2)like分句中出现了比较多的省略,补全以后是who like a poet who is among the letters…。英语中的从句之所以是难点就是因为大量地省略引导词。
[句子翻译]
罗博特•富尔顿曾经写道,机械工将坐在杠杆、螺丝、楔、轮子等周围,像诗人对待字母表中的每个字母一样,把它们作为自己的思路展示,每一个新组合都传送一个新概念。
[翻译技巧]
如果严格地翻译,like分句应该译为“像对待字母表中字母的诗人一样”,原因是这个从句修饰的是机械工,应该用诗人来对应,但这样一来,就不符合汉语的表达习惯了。
4.Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable cogogocience being to some extent self-accelerating.
[句子主干]
Some of these causes are reasonable results…, Others are consequences of advances…
[语法难点]
主语是some of these causes,实际的主语就是some,不过谓语是单数还是复数则取决于of后面的成分是单数还是复数。being to…是定语从句的分句结构,意为“属于”。
[句子翻译]
在这些原因中,有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求,另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生的某些特定发展的必然结果。
[翻译技巧]
这个翻译比较简单,注意being to的翻译即可。
5.This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
[句子主干]This trend began during …, when…,that…
[语法难点]
1)有套和从句。这个句子实际上是This trend began.其余的成分都是在起修饰和限定作用。在分析长难句时一定要注意找出句子的主干,关键是确定句子的主语和谓语,只有这样才不会被众多的修饰成分所迷惑。
2)When引导的是时间状语从句。第一个that引导的是修饰conclusion的定语从句,第二个that引导的是修饰demands的定语从句,wants前省略了which,是引导的修饰a government的主语从句。
[句子翻译]
这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府下了结论,认为:政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
[翻译技巧]此句中短语较多。
come to the conclusion形成某种结论/make of提出/in detail详细地
6.This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
[句子主干]This seems …done by supporting a certain amount of research not…but…
[语法难点]注意not…but句型,意为“不是……而是……”
[句子翻译]
给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研提供支持,看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。
[翻译技巧]
严格说来,not…but结构应译为“不是……而是……”,但这样就显得罗嗦,所 以译为“与……无关”,但(另一些有关)。a amount of指“数量达到……”。be related to指“与……有关”。
7.However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.
[句子主干]
However, the world is so made that…systems are …unable to deal with some of the …aspects
[语法难点]
so made指“如此构成”,so和后面的that构成so…that结构,意为“如此……以至于……”。
be…(un)able to指“可以(或不可以)……”。
[句子翻译]
然而,世界就是如此。一般而言,完美的体系无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜的课题。
[翻译技巧]
be so made that意为“如…构成”,不符合汉语表达习惯,所以译为“就是如此”。
in principle 总的说来/deal with应付……
8.New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
[句子主干]
New forms…as well as new subjects…must arise…as they have in the past, giving rise to…
[语法难点]有并列从句。
1)主语较为复杂,为并列结构,分别是new forms和new subjects,中间用as well as连接。
2)as在这里引导了一个介词结构(as they have in the past),have的宾语省略了,其内容与本句主语一致。
3)giving rise to…分句为非限定性定语从句的从句,省略了which are。
[句子翻译]
同过去一样,将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象,给完美以新的标准。
[翻译技巧]as well as 和,以及/give rise to给……以机会
9.For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.
[句子主干]For Lolyd Nicks, the NT Rights…means he can get on with living without…
[语法难点]
插入成分很多。此句实际上是个简单句,其核心结构为Rights means…,只不过添加了诸多限制结构使句子看起来很复杂。”For Lolyd Nicks”为主句的状语成分,“a 54-years old…cancer”为Lolyd Nicks的同位语。
[句子翻译]
对于现年54岁居住在达尔文的的肺癌患者尼克逊来说,这个法案意味着他可以平静地生活下去,而无须终日担心将要来临的折磨:因呼吸困难而在煎熬中死去。
[翻译技巧]
同位语从句在汉语中很少出现,对同位语从句的处理就把它当作定语从句即可。如此句中就将同位语成分作为前置状语成分的主语的修饰成分即可。haunting fear指“向看到鬼一样恐惧”,表示非常恐惧。
10.Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.
[句子主干]Someone…, if…, often had nowhere to turn except…
[语法难点]
有省略现象。traveling不是现在分词,而是引导修饰someone的定语从句。if引导的从句中均省略了“主语+be动词”的结构,这样显得句子简洁。
[句子翻译]
独自旅行时,如果没有了食物,受伤了或者生病了,通常只能向最近的小屋或者村落求救。
[翻译技巧]
直译的话,应该说人们“没有其他地方,只有……”可得到帮助,但这样写的话显得冗长而且费解,这里根据句意,译为“只能向……求助”就比较准确了。“turn”的用法比较灵活,意思很多,这里依据上下文,译为“向……求助”。
11.We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
[句子主干]We live in a society in which…substances is pervasive…
[语法难点]
实际是简单句。此句句子虽长,但是结构并不复杂,可以从冒号开始分为两个部分。理解的时候要有意识地把两部分分开,个个击破。
in which引导了一个定语从句。该从句的分句谓语动词是is而不是are,是因为在这个从句中主语是use,而不是substances,这一点要注意分辨。
[句子翻译]
在我们生活的社会里,物质(药品)被广泛地运用于社交和医疗:服用阿司匹林来缓解头疼,喝酒来应酬,早晨和咖啡来提神,吸烟镇定情绪等。
[翻译技巧]
该句冒号以后的内容写得很轻巧,很有文学性,我们翻译的时候也不要强求字字照应,而应该也是比较灵活。如quiet不是“安静”的意思,而是“镇静”的意思。作者: liko 时间: 2006-11-10 21:21 标题: 考研英语写作大攻略(一) 第一章 评分标准及考生存在的问题分析
短文写作评分标准是根据内容、文字、句子和用词来制定的,近几年的评分标准如下(供考生参考):
写作:1题,20分。
本题采用通篇分档计分,计分标准如下:
20-17分:内容切题,包括题中所列三方面的内容:清楚表达其内涵,文字连贯;句式有变化,句子结构和用词正确。文章长度符合要求。
16-13分:内容切题,包括题中所列三方面的内容;比较清楚地表达其内涵;文字基本连贯;句式有一定变化,句子结构和用词无重大错误。文章长度符合要求。
12-9分:内容切题,基本包括题中所列三方面的内容:基本清楚地表达其内涵;句子结构和用词有少量错误。文章长度符合要求。
8-5分:内容基本功题,基本包含题中所列三方面的内容;语句可以理解,但有较多的句子结构和词错误。文章长度基本符合要求。
4-1分:基本按要求写作,但只有少数句子可理解。
0分:文不切题,语句混乱、无法理解。
从20份考卷抽样分析,考生的写作成绩并不理想。要想写出一篇高分作文须具备两个条件:
一是扎实的英语语言基础,二是掌握一定的写作技巧。否则在40分钟之内完成一篇200字的优秀作文是难以思议的。
●一篇好的作文应基本达到:
1. 有较好的写作基础,文章流畅,遣词造句不当,文章结构完整,内容符合要求;
2. 语法基本正确;
3. 句法基本准确,句子与句子段落之间过渡连贯;
4. 有一定词汇量,字数符合要求;
5. 说理清楚,内容充实。
●一篇较差的作文表现为:
1. 文章不通顺,无段落,无结构,无明显主题;
2. 出现很多基本语法错误,拼写错误;
3. 词汇量很小,词不达意,缺乏英语表达能力;
4. 不像一篇文章,仅是把一些不连贯的词语拼凑到一起。
通过对考生试卷所有作的抽样分析,我们总结出考生主要存在一步到位问题:
1.不会审题。很多考生在着手做写作题时并无审题和构思的概念,有的担心时间不够,有的则是无从下笔,结果不是文不对题就是时间己过半,只好草草收场。
2. 用汉语思维,逐字翻译。有的考生对英语词造句无把握,便用汉语构思文章,同时将汉语句子硬译英语,结果是非驴非马,无法理解。
3. 用词搭配不当。英语语言是一大特点是其丰富的习惯用语和固定搭配,包括动词短语、介词短语、形容词短语等,例如(花费很多时间做某事)“spend much time in…”不能改成“take much time in…”。词与词之间固定搭配是由历史形成的,有的看起来不符合逻辑,但却是地道用法。
4. 词汇量小,拼写困难。部分学生能在写作中运用的词汇量太少,有的知道用法但拼写不出来,结果 只能用中文取而代之,成绩自然不会理想。
5. 句子逻辑关系混乱。部分考生因受汉语结构的影响,对句子中主谓及状语之间的位置安排不妥,造成逻辑混乱。例如:
Our English class often told stories.
应改为:We often told stories in our English class.
6. 不会应用关联词转承上下句子和段落。关联词起过渡作用,使上下句子和段落合理,承上启下,使表达合乎逻辑,同时结构严谨,文章紧凑。例如:
People lean English to use it , Some learn it so study or work abroad . Others learn it to read books and magazines in English or have something to do with English-speaking foreigners.采用适当关联词,改进为:people learn English for practical purposes :some learn it to study or work abroad, while others learn it to read or communicate in English.
7. 语法错误。语法错误主要表现为:
i. 分不清及物与不及物动词,例如:rise和raise; hear和listen等
ii. 被动与主动语态的误用,例如:interesting和interested; speaking和spoken 等;
iii. 词类混淆,将动词或形容词误作名词用,将名词和动词误作形容词用等;例如:benefit和beneficial; difficult和difficulty; pleasure和pleased等。
iv. 混淆可数名词与不可数名词,例如:help, practice 等。
v. 冠词、情态动词、介词、代词等方面的错误,例如:a English book, should did, must done等。
一、主题句作文
主句作文也称为段首句作文,要求考生在每段所给主题句基础上加以扩展,完成段落,再由段落组成文章。主题句作文是目前较常用的一种出题方式,它不像一般正规文章那样要求具有开头段和结尾段,一般只给出三句主题句,所以属于一种简单的三段式作文。
Example 1
Title: Dictionary……
(1) The dictionary is a living teacher
(2) Skills will develop with your constant use of various dictionaries. ……
(3) But you should have one thing in mind……
Dictionary
The dictionary is living teacher. Whenever you come across a new word, just consult it and you will get a clear definition. Every student, whether attending school or self-taught, should always have a dictionary at hand. As a study aid, it is convenient, inexpensive and all-knowing.
Skills will develop with your constant use of various dictionaries The more you use them, the more familiar you will become with them. Sooner or later, you will be quite skilled in finding the page, scanning the entries and locating the exact meaning of the new words.
But you should have one thing mind. As a language student, you should never depend too much on dictionaries. Basic language skill do not come from dictionaries, but from your practice. Learn the language by listening, speaking, reading and writing more, and that is the only way to the mastery of a language.
Example2
Title: The Computer
(1) The computer is a wonderful machine
(2) Computers play an important role in our life
(3) However, many scientists don’s think that computers will replace us completely.
The Computer
The computer is a wonderful machine. It is the most important invention in many years.
Today it is used a great deal in various fields. Especially, it is useful in automatic control and data processing. And now it is finding its way into the home.
Computers play an important role in our life. They can do most of things people can do They can give you information on buying and selling things. Provide you with suggestion of how to deal with certain illness and how to solve the problems you are faced with. There is no doubt that people can live much easier with the help of the computers.
However, many scientists don’t think that computers will replace us completely. No matter how clever they may become, computers are no more that an extension for human brain.
Example
Title: The Telephone
Outline: 1. A useful tool
2. How to use it
3. The improvement of its use
The Telephone
The telephone is an efficient means of communication, which enables people to talk with each other over long distances. If you are overseas and your family is left behind, you may miss them now and then . Besides fishing out their photos, you can dial a long distance call and send your love to them. For business with another company, the telephone is the most convenient means for you to turn to. It saves much of your travel.
It is easy to learn how to use a telephone. First, take the receiver off the hook. Then listen for the dial tone . You can begin to dial the number you want when you hear a long steady signal. If you hear a rapid series of very short tones after dialing, the phone is “busy”. Each town has special emergency numbers for the fire department and police station, which are often listed in the front of the telephone directory.
People have mdae much improvement in telephone. For example, they can record telephone talks on tapes, use a radio telephone on a moving car or see the speaker by using the vision telephone.
三、图表式作文
图表式作文可综合提供题目、数据、图像、提纲,形式多样,是一种控制性和应用性更强的作文的出题方式,从写作类型来看,基本上属于说明文。考生要围绕题目并将有关信息转化为文字形式,这要求考生具有一定数据分析和材料归纳的能力,同时运用一定的写作方法。考研试题一般以三段式写作方法来组织文章,第一段总结归纳信息反映的总的情况,点出主题思想,第二段回答第一段所得出的问题,对数字、数据等信息作出有条理的分析比较,第三段作出总结或给以简单评论。
Example1
Directions: Write a composition no Changes in People’s Diet. Study the following table carefully and your composition must be based on the information giver in the table. Write three paragraphs to:
(1) State the changes in people’s diet in the past five years;
(2) Give possible reasons for the changes;
(3) Draw your own conclusions.
You should quote as few figures as possible.
Changes in People’s Diet
Diet is very important in people’s life . From 1987 to 1990. people’s diet changed a lot . Grain was no longer regarded as the main food. And as the proportion of fruit and vegetables declined, the consumption of milk and meat increased.
What caused these changes? There are two reasons. One is that with the development of science, people began to realize the importance of maintaining a balanced diet. The other is that people had more money to spend and could afford more expensive food. They tried to change their low-priced diet into a more varied one. They were eager to build up a strong body by improving their living standards.
With the development of our economy and the improvement of our food supply, further changes will take place in people’s diet.
Example2
Directions: Write a composition based on the charts of the average family expenses in the United Stated. The opening sentence is given and you are required to develop it into a full composition.
The opening sentence: The average family income in the United States increased from 12,000 dollars per year in 1980 to 16,000 dollars in 1985.
The Average Family Expenses
The average family income in the United States has increased from 12,000 dollars per year in 1980 to 16,000 dollars in 1985. In the meantime, the structure of the average family expenses has changed, too. These graphs show the change clearly.
The biggest part of the average family expenses was housing. In 1980, the average family spent 25 percent of its income on housing. In 1985, expenses on housing rose to 32 percent. Food and drink were the second biggest part of the average family expenses .In 1980, about 18% of the average income was spent on this item. In 1985, the figure grew to 22%. As a result of such increase in the expenses on housing and food, expenses on other items have been reduced from 57% in 1980 to 46% in 1985.
Thus, a conclusion can be drawn that as income increases, people can improve their living step by step. But still the average family has to spend a large part of income to meet the essential needs.
Example
Situation: Students have different ways to spend their summer vacations, and you decide to take your summer vacation with your family in the countryside. Your feeling is quite different with the life in the city, so you think about it deeply.
A. Time limit: 40 minutes
B. Word limit: no less than 150 words
C. You essay should be written on the ANSWER SHEET II
How I Spend My Summer Vacation
Our summer vacation begins on July 15th and lasts nearly two months. Considering that my brain needs rest after a period of hard work, I, together with my family, went to our countryside, a very small farmhouse handed down from our forefathers, to spend the summer, Obviously, life in the country is very different from that in the city.
Early in the morning I took a stroll along the field side. The air was fresh and pure. With a dog following, sometimes I ran a race in the meadows covered with tall grass. Sometimes I climbed up the hill to see the sun slowly yet steadily emerge out of the eastern horizon. The birds also seemed to have awakened from their dreams, twittering restlessly among the bushes. In order to appreciate the quietness of the country, I gave myself entirely to among the bushes. In order to appreciate the quietness of the country, I gave myself entirely to nature, with a light heart and a happy mind.
Sometimes in the afternoon I, in company with my cousins, took a rod and went to the river to fish. It made the household happy when they saw me returning with a basketful of large fresh fish. When night came, I would sit at the door and tell the most marvelous and interesting stories to my cousins, who listened to the tale of wonder with open eyes and mouth.
I wish I could enjoy such calm, pure and beautiful rural life forever.作者: liko 时间: 2006-11-10 21:22 标题: 05年考研试卷分析(一) 总体分析
42题如果只要上下一加就很明显发现,42句上下出现最多的就是国家这个词,空后文字非常典型,提到“But”national “doesn't have to mean that。很明显这是一个转折,表明42空所填的选项,要和这一句话形成转折关系,而且42空里面要出现“national”的定义,就是说很有可能要出现“national”这个词。哪一个选项里面包含这个词呢?“C”选项。“C”选项提到,national是什么意思。
Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent
In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing house that work in relation to one another.
Increasingly successful就是“越来越成功了”,相信大家都可以翻译出来。前面的话几乎可以照直翻译,“在欧洲就像在其他地方一样多媒体集团越来越成功了”。当然根据中文的表达可以把句子加以转换,他说“欧洲和在其他地方一样”,最好翻译成“和其他地方一样,欧洲的多媒体集团越来越成熟”。下面半句话有一个定语从句离主干的句子比较远,在句子的末处,但是翻译的时候必须要提前。
翻译:这些集团把相互关系密切的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社组合到了一起。
This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say, “United we stand, divided we fall”.
这个句子是这样说的,“在应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中,我们可以毫不夸张地说,团结,我们就会站起来;分裂,我们就会倒下去。”
Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the editor for the magazine Design fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decision to quit. Write a letter to your boss Mr Wang.
Telling him your decision stating your reason(s) and make an apology
小作文范文:
Dear Mr. Wang,
I am writing to inform you about my decision to resign from my current position. A few factors are given to prove my decision and makes me feel intolerable first of all, the salary in reality is much lower than you have promised and you can see it is difficult for me to support such a big family with such a low salary. What is more, the office politics are so complex that I feel so uneasy because human relationship seems to be more important than your achievement. Most importantly, the office is located in the downtown area, yet I live in the suburbs, it is so inconvenient for me the commute for such a long distance and long hours.
I sincerely hope that you approve of my resignation. I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.
As is vividly depicted in the cartoon, three sons and a daughter treat their old, helpless father very badly and violently. The striking feature is that they each stand in a different corner of a football field and the eldest son kicks out the father, who huddles up into a ball. Surprisingly, the children all wear fashionable clothes which indicates that they are rich enough but they still intend to ward him off. The phenomenon that old people are abandoned caused our concerns and should be brought into focus.
Simple as the picture shows, yet the symbolic meaning subtly conveyed should be given into enough consideration. Recently, many grown-ups have who have the ability to support their parents and live a comfortable life Often neglected and abandoned their parents even though their parents live in great poverty and suffer great illnesses. As we can see, their parents must be hurt not only physically but also mentally and no longer have an enjoyable life and feel so isolated and humiliated. I think these children have betrayed their own conscience and see the gloomy future of their own if they will be treated the same way by their own children.
We should respect the old people and support them both physically and mentally. In the first place, being kind to old people is the Chinese virtue. In the second place, owe so much to our parents in that they not only gave us life but have done much in bringing us up. In order to solve the problem, efforts should be made to make old people under the responsibility of the young people. On the one hand, we should strengthen the people awareness that old people deserve to be better cared. On the other hand, it is demanding for us to strengthen the enforcement of laws to protect the old people' legal rights.作者: liko 时间: 2006-11-10 21:25 标题: 暑假复习之名师辅导写作 提问:您能不能对考研英语作文再做一个进一步的介绍呢?
解题策略三:句子衔接六法则
连贯使文章的每个段落、每个句子甚至每个短语融为一体。段落一致与句子衔接是文章连贯
的两个必要因素。
1)重复
在诸多句子中,后一句重复使用前一句子中的某个词语。
As the saying goes,"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy," but I've also heard people say "All play and no work makes Jake a dumb boy."中重复了使用了work, play, makes... boy等。
2)同义语:重复的词语的同义语。
大纲样题第一段第一句与第二句,'fishes, reptiles, birds, insects and some mammals’和‘the sea animals’属于重复词语的同义语。
3)反义语:使用反义语也可以实现句子衔接。
4)指代:使用代词等手段来指代前面提到过的内容。例如:“these,this”的使用。
5)列举:使用明显的顺序标记来彰显各个意思之间的联系。例如“First,Second,Third.
6)平行:重复某一句子的句子结构。
解题策略四:寻找句子连接标志词六法则
1)同位:表明一致性、同一性。例如:that is, that is to say,in other words...
2)因果:表示逻辑性。例如:therefore, so, consequently, as a consequence, thus, as a result hence, because, since, for...
3)递进:表示连续性。例如:and, too, also, furthermore, moreover, in addition, besides, in the same way, again, another, similarly, a similar, the same...
4)转折:表示对比关系。例如:but, yet, however, nevertheless, still, though, although, where-as, in contrast, rather...
5)让步:表明作者意愿。例如:admittedly, I admit, true, I grant, of course, naturally, some believe,some people believe,once it was believed,there are those who would say...
6)举例:表示从一般到特殊。例如:for example, for instance, after all, an illustration of, even, indeed,in fact, it is true, of course, specifically, to be specific, that is, to illustrate, truly...
解题策略五:段落衔接
词可以帮助组织起段落的主要组成部分:
1)顺序:表示先后,例如:First,Second,and Third.....
2)例证:解释说明主题。例如:for example,for instance,one example of this is ,as another example,Another example of ...is that...
3)并列:表达一个问题的两个方面。例如:On the one hand...,on the other hand...;However ...;Not only...,but also..
文章结论
结论是对文章进行总结,多在文章的最后一段。结论段对文章的要点进行总结,有时甚至是重复各个主题句,有时提出建议,发出呼吁,从而结束文章。
在某一标题或主题的限定下而展开论述,我们一般情况下可以采用如下方法:
1.分类法:这种方法常用于阐述某一概念。它通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类,分别加以叙述,使考生对于这一概念获得更为清晰的认识。如:标题中有"various forms of communication"等词,那么,作者就可能将其分为oral speech,sign language,body language或other forms of nonlinguistic language来加以阐述。
2.例证法:即举例法,指用典型、具体而生动的事例来证明、阐述一个观点,支持文章标题。此种方法通常用于主题比较抽象的文章中,通过使抽象意义具体化而使文章通俗易懂并有说服力。
如:讲如何学习,就可能举几个类似于如何记单词的例子来使文章更加生动、具体。
3.列举法:就是在文章中用一个个细节来对标题所体现的主题思想进行说明的方法。列举法的使用会使文章显得思路清晰,有条有理。
4.因果法:即通过分析事物发展的原因和结果将文章标题阐述清楚的一种方法。因果法有两种:先因后果法和先果后因法。顾名思义,就是原因和结果在段落中出现的顺序不同。
5.比较、对比法:即在文章中找出两个或两个以上不同种类的事物之间的共同点或不同点进行阐述的方法。比较对比法有两种具体写作方法:一是进行整体的比较和对比,二是进行逐项的比较和对比。
二、根据标题选内容题型具体的解题方法
12.Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.[句子主干]Dependence is marked first by…, with…, and then by…[语法难点]有并列从句和省略。With引导的是伴随结构作状语,修饰的是整个第一分句描述的状态。and引导的分句省略了谓语动词marked ,所以要注意其实该分句并不隶属于第一分句,而是与之并列的结构。[句子翻译] 依赖的最初表现为耐受力增强,用量越来越大才能达到预期效果,一旦停用就会产生不舒服的症状。[翻译技巧]有些同学遇上伴随结构就不知道如何翻译了,其实只要按照原来的语序顺次翻译就是。13.But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.[句子主干]But he talked as well about …, and he announced that…[语法难点]该句没有从句结构,而是由and连接的两个并列成分构成。用would是因为表达了某人的主观态度和意愿。[句子翻译] 但他也谈到了创作自由与社会责任之间要“努力保持均衡”这一问题。他宣布公司将尽力对可能招致大众反对的音乐制定各种发行和标识的标准[翻译技巧]虽然没有从句结构,但是由于句子太长,有众多的修饰成分,所以建议还是拆为两句较好。14.Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.[句子主干]Average inflation…fell to a mere…, close to its…, before[语法难点]有省略。close to分句是非限定性定语从句,省略了which was。Before后面的成分是对全句的补充说明,是状语成分。状语成分可以置句首,也可以置句末,并无定规。之所以用rising,是因为这里需要一个名次性的结构the inflation which was,这样显得简洁得多。[句子翻译]七大工业国家的通货膨胀率去年下降到了2.3%,接近30年来最低水平,今年7月才小幅上涨到2.5%,比许多国家70年代和80年代两位数低了很多。[翻译技巧]the big seven industrial economies是指西方七大工业国。close to是靠近的意思。fall to是“跌落至……”的意思。15.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack.[句子主干] Economists have been…surprised by…and…, since…,and especially…, have …[语法难点]主句用现在完成时have been…是因为经济学家长时间以来关注,现在也在关注,是一个从过去持续到现在的动作。Since引导的是表原因的状语从句。[句子翻译] 特别让经济学家感到诧异的是,英美两国的通货膨胀带来的是良性的结果,因为传统的分析方法表明,两国尤其是美国的经济生产几乎没有出现滑坡。[翻译技巧]favorable表示的是“非常好的”,不是“非常喜欢的”,与个人取向没有关系。productive slack是“生产滑坡”的意思。16.Actually, it isn't, because it assumesthat there is an agreed account of human rights, which is somethingthe world does not have.[句子主干]Actually it isn’ t, because it assumes that…, which is…[语法难点]有套合从句。本句为主从复合句。主句很简单,而because引导的原因状语从句中,又有一个that引导的宾语从句。这个从句中,主语an agreed account of human rights由一个which引导的飞行定性定语从句修饰,而这个非限定性定语从句中又有一个限定性定语从句the world does not have来修饰something。[句子翻译] 事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的,而这种共同认识并不存在。[翻译技巧]agree为“约定的”意思,agreed account直译为“约定的看法”,意译为“共同的认识”。可见翻译中一定要结合汉语的语言习惯灵活转换。an agreed account of human rights不可译为“有同意的人权记录”。此外,将不定代词具体化,也更符合汉语习惯。17.Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.[句子主干]Some philosophers argue that…, as part of an exchange of…[语法难点]该句仍为主从复合句That引导的宾语从句中,as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充当了补充语的角色。[句子翻译] 有些哲学家论证说,权利只存在社会契约中,是责任与利益相交换的一部分。[翻译技巧]要正确选择contract的词义,不要译成从此“收缩,缩小”Argue不要译成“争论”,而要灵活处理成“论证说”。18.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.[句子主干]It leads the discussion…: it invites you to think that…, or with…[语法难点]有并列从句和省略。冒号把句子分成两部分,后一部分对前面部分作进一步解释说明。前面部分是简单句。后面部分是复合句。that引导的宾语从句中,主语是animals,谓语是should be treated,either… or…引导两个介词短语作状语,either引导的介词短语中,humans extend to other humans是一个省略引导词that的定语从句。[句子翻译] 这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。[翻译技巧]it 的所指要明确。leads thediscussion to extremes译成“将讨论引向两个极端”,at the outset译成“从一开始”。注意把被动句译为主动句,更合乎汉语习惯。作者: liko 时间: 2006-11-10 21:33 标题: 考研英语长难句精析(六) 19.Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
[句子主干]Arguing from the view that humans are…, extremists of this…
[语法难点]
有套和从句。逗号前面是一个现在分词短语,作状语,里面又有一个that从句作the view的同位语,逗号后面的that从句是一个宾语从句。
[句子翻译]
这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
[翻译技巧]
in every relevant respect译成“各相关方面”,不要把respect 译成“尊重”;extremists为极端主义者;let outside the area of moral choice译成“不在道德范围内,不关乎道德”。
20.When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
[句子主干]When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is ….instinct…, an instinct that should be…
[语法难点]
以冒号为界,将全句分成两个复合句。前面的复合句里,时间状语从句when that happens叙述的是前一句to see…的情形的出现。That修饰这种行为,主句表明这种行为并不错。冒号后面的复合句解释为什么。这里有一个that从句,作instinct的定语。
[句子翻译]
这种反应并不错,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用,这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。
[翻译技巧]
将that,it等代词具体化,使译文表达明确;reasoning不能译成“原因”,而应译为“推理,推论”;in action不能译成“在行动中”,而译成“在起作用”,action在此是“作用,性能”的意思;翻译被动语态时,使用“得到”,“遭到”等,使译文流畅自然。
21.The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
[句子主干]
The Aswan Dam, … stopped the Nile flooding…but…
[语法难点]
有插入语。for example是个插入结构,不是句子的主要成分。but后面省略了the Aswan Dam。注意so…that…结构,是“如此……以至于”的意思。
[句子翻译]
以阿斯旺大坝为例,它挡住了尼罗河的洪水,但也使埃及失去了洪水冲积的肥沃土壤,换回来的却是一个病态的大水库。现在水库积满泥沙,几乎不能用于发电了。
[翻译技巧]the Nile是尼罗河。All in return意思是“换回来的全部则是”。
22.The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.
[句子主干]The trouble is that…is due to …, and so is not …
[语法难点]
有套和从句。the trouble is that…是表语从句结构。后一个that引导的是修饰rebound的定语从句。
[句子翻译]
问题在于,近期的增长一定程度上是因为商业运作周期涨落的结果,因此还不能得出经济已经呈现复苏态势这一结论。
[翻译技巧]
part of the recent acceleration不可译为“一部分的最近的加速”,而是“最近加速部分是由于”。business cycle是指“商业周期”。
23.New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.
[句子主干]
New ways of … workplace…are only one contribution to…, which is…, and…
[语法难点]
有插入语。两个破折号中间的成分为插入结构,可以视为括号里面的内容。Such as后面的内容是对many other factors的列举。在阅读的时候基本可以跳过不看,除非后面有细节题考查这里的内容。
[句子翻译]
组织工作场所的新方法——包括机构重组和缩小规模——只是促进某个经济实体的综合生产率提高的一项措施,还有其他许多因素促进生产率的提高,比如对机械设备的联合投资、采用新技术、对教育培训投资等。
[翻译技巧]
all that译为“这一切包括”。overall productivity译为“综合生产力水平”。Joint investment译为“联合投资”。Drive译为“驱动”。
24.His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability.
[句子主干] His colleague,…, says that… ,chopping out costs without giving…
[语法难点]
有省略。chopping out costs without giving sufficient …分句是非限定性定语从句。修饰的是前一分句的整体意思。without后面要跟现在分词giving。
[句子翻译]
他的同时迈克尔•比尔说,为数众多的公司以简单机械的方式进行机构重组,降低了成本,但却未能充分考虑长期赢利。
[翻译技巧]
far too many译为“太多的(比实际需要)”。re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion应译为“以简单机械的方式”。chop out译为“削减”。
25. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “antiscience” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R.Gross, a biologist at the University of Verginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The DemonHaunted World, by Car Sagan of Cornell University
[句子主干] As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked…, notably…
[语法难点]
有省略。as引导的是表原因的状语成分。as表“因为”时只能放在句首。by后面的成分是举例列举的成分,和句子主题没有什么联系。阅读的时候不妨跳过去,后面如果问到的话再回头看不迟。
[句子翻译]
由于科研经费减少,科学家推出几本书来抨击“反科学”倾向。其中值得注意的有弗吉尼亚大学生物学家保罗•R•格罗斯与拉特格斯大学数学家诺曼•莱维特合写的《高级迷信》以及康奈尔大学的卡尔•萨根写的《鬼怪世界》
[翻译技巧]
antiscience意思是“反科学”。Higher Superstition译为“高级迷信”。attack是“攻击”的意思。作者: liko 时间: 2006-11-10 21:34
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